發布時間：2021-08-19 16:43:21 來自(zi)：admin
當前我國(guo)還存(cun)在大量依(yi)托城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)工業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)的(de)(de)情況，由于(yu)(yu)部(bu)分工業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)含有(you)(you)重金(jin)屬(shu)或難(nan)以生物降解的(de)(de)有(you)(you)毒有(you)(you)害污(wu)(wu)染物，進(jin)入城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)可能(neng)(neng)會對城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質、污(wu)(wu)泥處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)處(chu)(chu)置(zhi)帶來(lai)不良影響。2019年(nian)4月住房和城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鄉建設部(bu)、生態環境(jing)部(bu)、國(guo)家發(fa)展(zhan)改革委(wei)聯合印發(fa)的(de)(de)《城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)提質增效三年(nian)行動(dong)方案（2019-2021年(nian)）》中提出(chu)(chu)，對于(yu)(yu)不能(neng)(neng)被城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)有(you)(you)效處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)的(de)(de)污(wu)(wu)染物或可能(neng)(neng)影響城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)出(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)穩定達(da)標的(de)(de)工業(ye)企業(ye)的(de)(de)排(pai)水(shui)(shui)(shui)，要限期退出(chu)(chu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)(zhen)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)。
我國工(gong)業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠有1520家，設計處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力為2 328萬(wan)m3/d，年(nian)廢(fei)水(shui)(shui)(shui)實際(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)量為40.75億(yi)m3，工(gong)業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠是除城(cheng)鎮(zhen)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠外的主要污水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位，其(qi)數量、設計處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)能力、年(nian)污水(shui)(shui)(shui)實際(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)量分別占全國集中(zhong)(zhong)式污水(shui)(shui)(shui)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位總(zong)量的1.9%、9.4%、6.2%。工(gong)業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)水(shui)(shui)(shui)質復(fu)雜(za)，濃(nong)度變化大，作(zuo)為專(zhuan)門處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)復(fu)雜(za)工(gong)業污水(shui)(shui)(shui)的集中(zhong)(zhong)式處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)單位，其(qi)在污水(shui)(shui)(shui)集中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)中(zhong)(zhong)發揮了較大的作(zuo)用(yong)。
同時，建設(she)工(gong)業污水集中處理(li)廠也是(shi)工(gong)業集聚(ju)發(fa)展、綠色(se)發(fa)展和共(gong)享(xiang)污水處理(li)設(she)施，降(jiang)低水環境污染風險的客觀需要(yao)和有(you)效舉(ju)措。因此利用工(gong)業污水集中處理(li)廠處理(li)工(gong)業污水是(shi)發(fa)展趨(qu)勢。廈門華澈環保科技針對(dui)工(gong)業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)廠的(de)(de)研(yan)究主(zhu)要(yao)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)單(dan)個(ge)或多個(ge)工(gong)業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)廠的(de)(de)工(gong)藝設(she)計或提(ti)升改(gai)造以(yi)及監督管理(li)政策建(jian)議等方面，基于全國層面綜合和(he)量(liang)化的(de)(de)比對(dui)分析(xi)較少開展(zhan)，本研(yan)究探(tan)討了當前(qian)我國工(gong)業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)廠的(de)(de)建(jian)設(she)運行基本情況，分析(xi)主(zhu)要(yao)污染物水(shui)(shui)質變化特征及相(xiang)互關系，以(yi)期(qi)能對(dui)工(gong)業(ye)集(ji)聚區建(jian)設(she)污水(shui)(shui)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)設(she)施、生態環境管理(li)部門(men)監管工(gong)業(ye)污水(shui)(shui)集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)處理(li)廠提(ti)供(gong)參考。
我國(guo)工業污(wu)水集中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠以(yi)(yi)1萬(wan)~5萬(wan)m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)模為(wei)主，該規(gui)模下(xia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)、總(zong)(zong)(zong)體設(she)計(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)總(zong)(zong)(zong)能力、實(shi)際(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水量(liang)(liang)分(fen)別占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)43.9%、55.4%、49.8%；規(gui)模為(wei)5萬(wan)~10萬(wan)m3/d和≥10萬(wan)m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)較少，二者數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)合計(ji)(ji)僅占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)6.6%，但(dan)以(yi)(yi)占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)35.0%的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)計(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能力處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)了占(zhan)全國(guo)實(shi)際(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水量(liang)(liang)42.0%的(de)(de)(de)(de)污(wu)水；規(gui)模為(wei)＜0.5萬(wan)m3/d、0.5萬(wan)~1萬(wan)m3/d的(de)(de)(de)(de)兩(liang)種類型污(wu)水處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)廠數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)量(liang)(liang)合計(ji)(ji)占(zhan)比達49.5%，但(dan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)能力、實(shi)際(ji)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)水量(liang)(liang)僅占(zhan)全國(guo)總(zong)(zong)(zong)數(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)9.7%、8.2%。
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)的主體工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)為好氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)，穩定(ding)塘(tang)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)濕地及(ji)土地處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)3種。隨著水(shui)環(huan)境質量(liang)改善目標的持續(xu)推進(jin)，水(shui)污(wu)(wu)染物(wu)排放(fang)限(xian)值逐步加(jia)嚴，有(you)23.2%的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)了上述(shu)(shu)兩種或以上工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)組合(he)。厭(yan)氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)和穩定(ding)塘(tang)、人工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)濕地及(ji)土地處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)兩種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)因(yin)其(qi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)特(te)點，多與(yu)好氧(yang)(yang)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)組合(he)使用(yong)，采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)上述(shu)(shu)兩種工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)中，分別有(you)84.6%、84.8%與(yu)其(qi)他工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)藝(yi)(yi)(yi)組合(he)。因(yin)此，在本文主要(yao)針(zhen)對采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)生物(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)系統的工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)業污(wu)(wu)水(shui)集(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)進(jin)行分析。
好氧(yang)(yang)生(sheng)物處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)為(wei)主(zhu)體(ti)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)污(wu)水集(ji)中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)理(li)廠數量較(jiao)(jiao)多，占比(bi)達(da)全(quan)國(guo)總(zong)數的(de)(de)81.6%，其中(zhong)(zhong)AAO工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、AO工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、普通活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥法、SBR類(lei)、氧(yang)(yang)化溝類(lei)和MBR類(lei)為(wei)主(zhu)流工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，占比(bi)合計(ji)為(wei)76.2%。其中(zhong)(zhong)AAO工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、AO工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)、普通活(huo)性(xing)污(wu)泥法、氧(yang)(yang)化溝類(lei)4種(zhong)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)設(she)計(ji)處(chu)理(li)能力比(bi)全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)出范圍(wei)為(wei)2.3%~48.3%，且平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水力負(fu)荷(he)率相差不(bu)大(da)，與(yu)全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)相近；使用(yong)SBR類(lei)、MBR類(lei)的(de)(de)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)設(she)計(ji)處(chu)理(li)能力低(di)于全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)，MBR類(lei)作為(wei)膜處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)，平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水力負(fu)荷(he)率比(bi)全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)低(di)5.5%，說明(ming)在運行(xing)過(guo)程中(zhong)(zhong)處(chu)理(li)水量偏少，未能充分(fen)發揮效能；SBR類(lei)的(de)(de)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)水力負(fu)荷(he)率為(wei)6種(zhong)主(zhu)流處(chu)理(li)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)中(zhong)(zhong)最高(gao)(gao)(gao)，比(bi)全(quan)國(guo)平(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)9.2%，說明(ming)使用(yong)該工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)的(de)(de)污(wu)水處(chu)理(li)廠污(wu)水實際處(chu)理(li)量較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)，運行(xing)率較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)。
（1）進水(shui)BOD5/COD特征。在污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠中可(ke)(ke)(ke)采用(yong)BOD5/COD值(zhi)來(lai)反映可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解的有機污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)占(zhan)總(zong)有機物(wu)(wu)的比(bi)例。一(yi)般(ban)來(lai)說，當BOD5/COD＜0.3時，進水(shui)的可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差，存在難(nan)(nan)以生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化降(jiang)解的物(wu)(wu)質；當BOD5/COD≥0.3時，說明(ming)進水(shui)中適宜(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)，當比(bi)值(zhi)＞0.45時，生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化性(xing)良好。本研究中，我國工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)集(ji)(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的BOD5/COD平均(jun)值(zhi)為(wei)0.33，中位(wei)值(zhi)為(wei)0.22，中位(wei)值(zhi)小于平均(jun)值(zhi)，說明(ming)部(bu)(bu)分污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的比(bi)值(zhi)較(jiao)(jiao)小，其(qi)接(jie)納(na)的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化有機物(wu)(wu)占(zhan)比(bi)較(jiao)(jiao)低；有43.6%的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)集(ji)(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠比(bi)值(zhi)大(da)(da)于0.3，有31.6%污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的比(bi)值(zhi)大(da)(da)于0.45，這(zhe)部(bu)(bu)分污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的進水(shui)適宜(yi)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)，而其(qi)他56.4%的污(wu)水(shui)處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠進水(shui)需要調整后再進行生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)。總(zong)體(ti)來(lai)看(kan)，我國大(da)(da)部(bu)(bu)分工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)集(ji)(ji)中處(chu)(chu)理(li)廠的進水(shui)可(ke)(ke)(ke)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)化性(xing)較(jiao)(jiao)差，這(zhe)與(yu)接(jie)納(na)的工(gong)業(ye)(ye)污(wu)水(shui)中存在大(da)(da)量較(jiao)(jiao)難(nan)(nan)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)降(jiang)解的污(wu)染(ran)物(wu)(wu)有關(guan)。
（2）進水(shui)(shui)BOD5/TN特征。在(zai)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)中(zhong)可(ke)采用BOD5/TN值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)反映反硝(xiao)化(hua)菌是否有(you)(you)足(zu)夠的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)源(yuan)，保證反硝(xiao)化(hua)過程的(de)順利進行，促進生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)，同(tong)時滿足(zu)微生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)生(sheng)(sheng)長繁殖和好氧(yang)段有(you)(you)氧(yang)呼(hu)(hu)吸的(de)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)源(yuan)消耗(hao)。一般來說(shuo)，BOD5/TN＞2.86時可(ke)實現硝(xiao)酸鹽的(de)完全(quan)反硝(xiao)化(hua)，比(bi)(bi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)＞4時則進水(shui)(shui)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)源(yuan)充足(zu)，脫(tuo)氮(dan)(dan)率可(ke)保證。本研究中(zhong)的(de)BOD5/TN的(de)平(ping)均(jun)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為5.39，中(zhong)位值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)為2.69，不同(tong)工(gong)業污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)的(de)BOD5/TN比(bi)(bi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)差異較(jiao)大，有(you)(you)53.6%的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)該比(bi)(bi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)小于2.86，而(er)有(you)(you)36.8%的(de)污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)該比(bi)(bi)值(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)大于4，部分污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)總氮(dan)(dan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)源(yuan)非常充足(zu)，而(er)大部分污(wu)(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理(li)(li)(li)廠(chang)(chang)需(xu)要外加碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)源(yuan)才能(neng)滿足(zu)反硝(xiao)化(hua)過程所需(xu)，這點與總氮(dan)(dan)去(qu)(qu)除(chu)率相對較(jiao)低也相互呼(hu)(hu)應。
（3）進水(shui)(shui)BOD5/TP特征。在(zai)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)中可(ke)采用BOD5/TP值(zhi)反映生(sheng)物除(chu)磷的(de)可(ke)行性，一(yi)般來(lai)說(shuo)，BOD5/TP＞20可(ke)保證聚磷菌對除(chu)磷系統(tong)的(de)基(ji)質(zhi)要求(qiu)。在(zai)本研究(jiu)中，BOD5/TP的(de)平均值(zhi)為52.07，中位值(zhi)為28.71，有(you)66.1%的(de)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)處理廠(chang)(chang)該項比值(zhi)大(da)于20，說(shuo)明大(da)部分工業(ye)污(wu)(wu)水(shui)(shui)集中處理廠(chang)(chang)的(de)進水(shui)(shui)能基(ji)本滿足生(sheng)物除(chu)磷的(de)要求(qiu)。
